Transformational and Charismatic Leadership †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Transformational and Charismatic Leadership. Answer: Introduction In 2012-2013, the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey pointed out some health issues faced by Australias indigenous community(ABS, 2013). The data collected by the Australian Health Survey (AHS) revealed unusual health issues among the Aborigines who are Australias indigenous communities. The research compared Aborigines in remote and those in non-remote areas. With a population of 9,300, the survey made conclusive remarks about their blood, urine, nutritional and chronic health tests. Its key findings identified a health trend of chronic illnesses in the group and well as unhealthy behavioral patterns. Its outcome also highlighted poor health caused by poor nutrition, and lifestyles diseases like diabetes and addictions. The group detailed findings for different age groups including adults, teenagers and children. It made a record of health related conditions, disabilities, alcohol and drug abuse, social and emotional wellbeing, cultural identification, wo mens health and family stressors among others. Linked to demographic measures of age, diet, blood pressure, substance use, health status, food security among others, the findings confirmed researchers fears of general health effects, long-term conditions, and health risk factors on Aborigines(Lorina, 2016). The results showed that 67.4% had long tern health effects, 35.7% had disabilities and 30.1% of adults had psychological depression. 18.0% engaged in alcohol and risky behavior while family stressors affected 73.4%. Research highlights the importance of nature and nurture in the complete development of the Aboriginal community in Australia(Taylor Kukutai, 2016). In 1950-1960, the Maralinga Nuclear Testing by the British adversely affected the indigenous people in Australia(SBS, 2014). Dreaming trucks sent to Maralinga a dwelling place for the Aborigines had radioactive material Plutonium used for nuclear tests. This has dangerous reactors that blinded animals living in the environment. Its components, the actinide is harmful to people living in overpopulated areas, it causes body defects, health complications, cancers, and it lowers the immune system. The deliberate exposure of the Aborigine to an environment with nuclear matter was like using them as guinea pigs in a nuclear test. Exposing them to radiation led to contamination of their natural environment. The discovery of the situation led to their evacuations and attempts to clean them up by scrubbing their fingernails while not explaining the actions. Although the people received compensation in $13.5 million dollars, to date there are claims that this race is more prone to health complications. The health alienations increased their mortality rate because of poor nutrition, psychological problems, addictions and abnormal blood pressure. This was a vulnerable community leaving in a hardship area with limited access to health care. Some of the hindrances include long distance from amenities(Australia, 2015). Historical injustices further indicate violations and destruction of a generation during colonial periods(Ahmed, 2001). By 1910-1970, the aborigine children faced separation with their families. Close to 100,000 in their early childhood were culturally alienated. The giving of children to white families by police kept a generation away from their families. With no records to help them trace back their roots, they lost the privilege of learning their culture, language and values. Such alienation has physical, emotional and social effects. As a result, most of them grew up without a sense of belonging. This destroyed their self-esteem giving them a sense of loneliness, unworthiness and insecure. It was common to find most of them depressed and some committed suicide. Those who could not bear the pressure turned to crime, and addictions. Mass murders, economic oppression and slavery describe Contemporary Concerns An Aljazeera report about the injutices faced by Aboriginal Australians indicate a gap between the inidgineous and non indigeneous Australians (2014). Some of the inequalities include reduced life expectancies, alienation from social rights such as education, sources of income, professional development and opportunities in life. Lack of employment contributes to the already existing social issues of poverty, and lack of quality health care. These challenges reduce life expectancy and contribute to desperation. Poor diet due to lack of food also leads to poor maternal health, childhood mortality and common diseases. When young children and infants fail to get the necessary benefits of health they face health challenges such as chronic illness and are prone to infections. The unsafe environment is a health risk because of poisons, and respiratory illnesses. There are challenges of culturally unsafe healthcare represented by the white system. The lack of government support for this mino rity group has come under criticism. The community covers a small percentage of the population at just 2% of the countrys population. However, these 23million alienated Australians continue to face inequalities in the work place(Aljazeera, 2014). There are more reports about high suicide rates, homelessness and poor health. Reports about the incarceration of the indigenous continues to cause deaths. Humanitarian activists also point out that there are indications of police brutality and welfare violations. The inhumane treatment of the aborigines brings back memories of historical maltreatment of the group. Evidently, the long-term challenges of historical injustices have trickled down to the population. Discrimination keeps widening the social gap and it is evident in the young generation in schools system. This raises questions about the coexistence of the two races in future. Some suggest that the stakeholders must come to an acceptance of the violations in the past and in the present(Georgatos, 2014). The news report expresses unrest over the fact that Australia is among the developed countries yet its own indigenous people suffer from problems faced by third world populations. However, one can argue that racial issues continue to remain unresolved in other parts of the world too(Clifford, 2013) Researchers in humanitarian organizations point out that this case study is complex and involves long-term violations across many years and by different governments(Aljazeera, 2014). Suggestions made include the involvement of bipartisan strategies that include both the government and the indigenous people. From history, community groups have faced various violations. In an effort to find solutions and healing for the minority groups, it is important to dig deeper into history beyond colonialism. Ecological factors are important in dealing with population controls, and inequalities(Clifford, 2013, p. 43). Since this is a multifaceted problem, a multilevel approach involving government and non-government partners is necessary. There is a need to give health solutions, policy, material and psychological support. The participation of the community in the solution process is important(Cohen, 2013). The Aborigine traditional system of leadership and its cultural practices and important. In this case, boundary gives this indigenous group meaning. It helps to construct the past, present and their locality. The Aborigines have a right to protect their community and culture according to the UN and Australian laws(AG, 2017). Their participation could be in various forms. Partners could offer training of health workers from the community to enable them to promote health services to Aborigines. The experiences have discouraged the indigenous community from seeking medical care. Racism also has a role in the inequalities(Thompson Durey, 2012). Considering the high poverty levels among the Aborigines, one way to encourage participation is to give support. Offering transportation to health facilities in rural settings encourages the community to access health care services. The government has a responsibility to ensure common good(Wallis, 2013). A functional government needs to show commitment to the welfare. Accessible health care centers within the communitys reach is necessary. Community elders, individuals, and groups should be part of the service provision. The involvement of political, health and economic institution gives the indigenous community a reason to become part of the society. When the minority have no access to basic services including education, it limits their capacity to become part of the governing team. In the Australian case. Cross-cultural leadership would be strategic and transformation(Kark Shamir, 2013). An inclusive form of leadership gives the community confidence and a sense of security. This is appropriate in a system rocked by mistrust and mistreatment of the minority. The government has tried to offer assimilation but the dilapidating nature of the group keeps showing attempts to destroy the Aborigines culture and histo ry(Georgatos, 2014). Non-government partners include global donors and agencies in health care, culture, and civic interest groups. These should encourage a safe working environment for all partners. Part of their wok is to provide monetary resources for facilitating the transformation and psychological support services like counselling. However, the agencies need to provide accountability for the sustainability of the programs. There are community-based organizations, civil society groups, business community and volunteer groups among others. Among these, there should be groups for vulnerable groups like women and children. Their role is to ensure that the decision making process follows legitimacy and effective implementation. The first step in the negotiation is to identifying culturally safe and appropriate strategies. Accountability on the part of the NGO and government service providers includes acceptance of any injustices committed and making the necessary steps towards reconciliation. The compensation of the Aborigines by the colonialists is one-step(Australia, 2015). The governments policy of assimilation also paved the way for reconciliation(AIATSIS, 1961). However, its success is yet to show a trickledown effect on the marginalized community. The attempt to enjoin them into the white community should not have taken children forcefully from their families(findandconect, 2017). Creating awareness about the historical issues such as the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and colonial hurts brings all stakeholders to the reality on the underlying issues. Making history and culture part of the negotiation gives guidance on History has a way of giving valuable lessons through personal reflection of injustices.(Wheeler, et al., 2013). The control of emotions during negotiation is critical because all partners need to apply rationality and objectivity. The use of research findings is proof that there is a health problem, which needs medical and psychological solutions. This is part of the healing process because it gives the government a chance for making things right. The fact that there is discrimination in schools calls for the involvement of the whole society in order to prevent future recurrence of the same problems(Wang Eccle, 2012). Among the issues to address, include discrimination and bias in different parts of life. Australias Aborigine law acknowl edges the existence of Aborigines and natives thereby giving recognition for traditional and English laws. However, many Australians oppose the customary laws(Wood, 2016). Health care is a basic human necessity. Taking it for granted is unethical. Workers charged with health consultation need an effective and respectful communication. The consultation and negotiation procedures with the afflicted community may take time, resources and progressive development. Aborigines should also become part of the Australian Health care in order to get rid of the lack of trust for white government. It is important to address communication barriers such as lack of education. The lack of knowledge is one of the reasons for behavioral risk factors in the health research(Lorina, 2016). Nurses should serve the community without discriminating or showing any signs of disregard(Hayes, et al., 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander case is a complex one that requires multiple partners to solve it. A problem stems from historical issues takes longer to resolve because it affects generations. People can reflect on cultural coexistence in social places, workplace and professional relationships. Working in partnership with the Torres Strait Islander people and communities service providers includes strong cultural issues, which allows them to own the process. The quest for self-determination comes from the desire for Australian minorities to have their own states. An independent state determines its own destiny without external influences. In such a case, the Aborigines would not have to give up their children in an attempt to become part of assimilation. Having respect for a nation encourages nationhood defined by cultural identity and a history. This would encourage the Aborigines to participate in services for a desired outcome. However, the lim itation of lack of proper education and structural systems to facilitate a form of government is futile. Australias Aborigine law accepts the legal existence of the indigenous. However, the majority group still oppose it because many do not understand its context. Bibliography ABS, 2013. Austalian Aboriginal and Torres Staraight Islander Health Survey: First Results, Australia, 2012-13. Australian Bureau Statistics, 4727.055.001(1). AG, 2017. International human rights system. [Online] Available at: https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/HumanRights/Pages/International-Human-Rights-System.aspx [Accessed 26 Augut 2017]. Ahmed, N. M., 2001. The Colonial Holocaust and its legacy. [Online] Available at: https://www.mediamonitors.net/perspectives/the-colonial-holocaust-and-its-legacy/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. AIATSIS, 1961. The Policy of Assimilaion. [Online] Available at: https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/catalogue_resources/18801.pdf [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Aljazeera, 2014. Australia'a Indigeneous disadvantages problem: rights advocates question sinceriy of prime minister's pledge to tackle aboriginal inequality. [Online] Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/australia-indigenous-disadvantage-problem-201422385218552549.html [Accessed 23 February 2017]. Australia, F. o. t. E., 2015. The Push for nuclear weapons in Australia 1950s-1970s. [Online] Available at: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/11/05/backgrounder-why-was-maralinga-used-secret-nuclear-tests [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Clifford, J., 2013. Returns. England: Harvard Universiity Press. Cohen, A. P., 2013. Symbolic construction of community. s.l.:Routledge . findandconect, 2017. Assimilation policy 1951-1962. Find Connect. Georgatos, G., 2014. What will it take to end aboriginal disadvantage, the inequakities and various crises. The Stringer Independent News, 17 August. Hayes, L. et al., 2012. Nurse turnover: a litearture review-an update.. International Journal of nursing studies, 49(7), pp. 887-905. Kark, R. Shamir, B., 2013. The Dual effect of transformational leadership. In: J. A. Bruce J. Y. Francis, eds. Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary. 77-101 ed. England: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 77-101. Lorina, 2016. Including Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Cultures in Your Service. [Online] Available at: https://aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au/articles/childcare-articles/including-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-cultures-in-your-service [Accessed 26 August 2017]. SBS, 2014. Backgro under: Why was Maralinga used for secret nuclear tests?. [Online] Available at: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/11/05/backgrounder-why-was-maralinga-used-secret-nuclear-tests [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Taylor, J. Kukutai, T., 2016. Indigeneous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda,. [Online] Available at: https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2140/pdf/ch15.pdf [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Thompson, S. Durey, A., 2012. Reducing the health disparities of indigeneous Australians: time to chnage focus. BMC Health Services Research, 25 October. Wallis, J., 2013. Whatever happened to the common good. Time, 4 April. Wang, M. Eccle, J. S., 2012. Social suppport matters: Longitudinal effects of social support on three dimensions of school engagement from middle to hgh school. Child development , 83(3), pp. 877-895. Wheeler, M., Pillemer, J. Leary, K., 2013. Negotiating with emotion. Harvard Business Review, February. Wood, A. J., 2016. Why Australia wont recognise indegenious customary laws. The Conversation.

Integrated Education Accounting Students †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Integrated Education Accounting Students? Answer: Introducation APES 110 is the code of ethics that all accountants must follow in order to work under a systematic and civil environment. The said code was legalized by the Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards Board, better known as APESB, after its initial establishment in the year 2006. Keeping the singular goal of development and issue of rules that would create ethical standards in order to fulfill both public and professional interests in their mind, the board created by the joint effort of both the Institute of Chartered Accountants and the CPA, in Australia (Cheffers and Pakaluk, 2017). If life is boat then rules and regulations are the mast and rudder that direct its course. Same can be said in the case of the professional world where accounting principles play a key real in order to avoid confusion, dissatisfaction, criminal offences, threats and frauds that are most common problems a financial institution or even a normal person can face in his daily struggles. APES 110 are a code that directs accounts all over the world as issued by the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). Like every prospect of life have their principles, so does the APES 110 (Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards Board, 2013). To create trust and Legality among the many people living in the society and various financial entities, the Board has issues principles that the accountants can relate with the daily life, they are: Integrity Objectivity Professional competence Confidentiality Professional behavior It is required that an Accountant is honest and dutiful when it comes to fulfilling his job, either professionally or for a personal client while being biased and avoiding unwanted influence (Arens et al, 2007). It is also expected of him to have the knowledge of his work and swear a vow to secrecy for his client whenever need, while at the same time, being calculative and professional to the utmost degree. The principles are described in utmost detail in the sections 110 to 150 of the APES. The code has provided a clear review of the threats that are experienced by a financial institution in various circumstances depending upon the relationships the parties have. Paragraph 100.12 of the code has divided threats into ones driven by Self Interest, Self review as in improper evaluation of a situation, Advocacy, Familiarity and Other Intermediate threats (Flanagan Clarke, 2007). By, this it can be said that APES has shown clear knowledge of where public interests might lie and what needs to be done in order to keep these interests fulfilled at all cost, there are paragraphs in the text that make the necessity of such stringent laws very clear, For example: Paragraph 100.13, provide safeguards and actions that can prevent or, can be used to either stop or completely eliminate a possible threat that fall under either professional legislations or work environment. Paragraph 100.22, states that, in the best interests of Members the substance of the issue, details of discussions held and decisions made regarding the issue should be documented. It is quite evident from the above discussion that ethics are more or less derived from our daily lives in one way or the other. Both the paragraphs are evidences to support not only the legality of the code, but also how necessary its stand in the society is. The conceptual framework that APES 110 has created in its columns influences both Public Practices and Members Involved in Business (Cpaaustralia.com.au, 2017). For the members in public practice, the principles prevent the occurrence of fraud and situations that threaten the fundamental rules and regulations for example, it will create a self-interest threat when there is an undue dependence of the total fees that can be extracted from a client (Pflugrath, Martinov-Bennie and Chen, 2007). Certain example of the sections that solidify the position of the various members of the is group are, Section 230 which requests for second opinions from persons who are not involved in the financial affair that is going to be dealt with what so ever, such that persons in question, who are supposedly involved in the public practice can give their valid opinion a solidify a point in defense or against the movement that is discussed or debated upon while taking a potentially important financial decision (Dellaportas and Davenport, 2008). Similarly, Section 240 directs all public practitioners to evaluate any threat that might arise from the dissatisfaction of a customer of not fulfilling the fundamental laws and principles in question as in the fees that is quoted by the client. It is their duty to reduce the fees to acceptable levels. If these conditions are not met then a threat of self interest can be created, such a situation can be seen if suppose the fees that is in question is so low that the basic activities of the financial institution remain unfulfilled, such a situation can arise from time to time in case of a basic mistake or a fraud (Jackling, Cooper, Leung and Dellaportas, 2007). In addition to all that, it is seen that the Sections 290 and 291 deal with independence as in The Independence of Mind and The Independence in Appearance. These two concepts direct the accountants to work without listening or bothering themselves with information that is not skeptic of the issue they are working on. Helps them establish integrity in their character and reach proper conclusion with a proper mindset (Martinov-Bennie and Mladenovi c, 2015). Similarly, it is essential of an accountant to avoid any fact that is not necessary or unreasonable in the case that is in their hand. Such situations make it easier for both the accountants and the general public to interact more freely without getting into fraudulent situations that would, in most cases lead to the creation of distrust and panic. Similar conditions are seen in the case of members in business. In fact, the rules that guide this section of the financial world can also help the public practitioners with their work. In the end, these sections, along with the general public are all interdependent and need each other for their existence in the financial world or the business society (Kaidonis, 2008). Their relation with the rest of the society can be seen through the laws mentioned in its various sections just like in the case with the Public Practitioners. Examples of such sections provided in the said code of APES 110 are: Section 350, which focuses on business inducement. It is seen in various cases that families of certain employees are given special treatment, luxury, hospitality, gifts and offers of a potential friendship, just to induce them into a forced loyalty or just for the sake of attraction. Such cases may turn into Self-Interest threats and if exposed, the reduction of goodwill. This section intends to stop such acts for the sake of the better good of the institution. Similarly, Section 330 makes it clear that an employee can in no way provide their employers with exaggerated or false information about their work experience and qualifications just to get employed or place themselves in their good books. It is expected of an employee to be truthful to his peers and to seniors. False information can lead to distrust or hostility among people working with each other in a financial institution. Avoiding such situations will result to an overall development of the financial institution. With all that was discussed above and the evidences and references that written of, it can clearly be said that not only is the code APES 110 important as a part of financial accounting and its principles, but these set rules were derived in order to deal with complexity of our human psychology and to neglect any potential differences of opinion that might happen between a financial institution and the rest of the society, with the sole purpose of neglecting such mishaps and moving on to fulfilling the bigger task of the development of both the institution and the economy (Brooks and Dunn, 2011). In the cases discussed, both in the financial and public backgrounds, it can be seen how honesty and trust are kept above all else. A company which is based on lies cannot see a bright future ahead of themselves. Considering the malpractices that are being committed in the financial world today, it is evident that rules are required for a safer journey in the market that involves, not only o ther companies by people who are involved in the play of finance altogether (McManus and Subramaniam, 2009). To build trust, it is necessary that the institution forge a good reputation in the society and create their goodwill. In conclusion, it can be confirmed that APSE 110 code is a boon to the financial market and to the accountant culture as a whole. The tests that are conducted by the CPA or the Institution of Chartered Accountants in Australia are not only beneficial for the upcoming generation of accountants, but, are beneficial for the society. The ethics thus help contribute towards the development of greater trust of the public in the accounting profession and remove any potential discomfort that might arise by avoiding a situation of distrust in and every way possible. References Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards Board (APESB). (2013). APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. APES 110. (2017).Cpaaustralia.com.au. Retrieved 12 September 2017, from https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/professional-resources/accounting-professional-and-ethical-standards/apes-110-code-of-ethics-for-professional-accountants Arens, A. A., Best, P., Shailer, G., Fiedler, B., Elder, R. J., Beasley, M. (2007).Auditing and assurance services in Australia: an integrated approach. Pearson Education Australia. Brooks, L. J., Dunn, P. (2011).Business professional ethics. Cengage Learning. Cheffers, M., Pakaluk, M. (2007).Understanding accounting ethics. Sutton, MA: Allen David Press Davenport, L., Dellaportas, S. (2009). Interpreting the public interest: A survey of professional accountants.Australian Accounting Review,19(1), 11-23. Dellaportas, S., Davenport, L. (2008). Reflections on the public interest in accounting.Critical perspectives on accounting,19(7), 1080-1098. Flanagan, J., Clarke, K. (2007). Beyond a Code of Professional Ethics: A Holistic Model of Ethical Decision?Making for Accountants.Abacus,43(4), 488-518. Jackling, B., Cooper, B. J., Leung, P., Dellaportas, S. (2007). Professional accounting bodies' perceptions of ethical issues, causes of ethical failure and ethics education.Managerial auditing journal,22(9), 928-944. Kaidonis, M. A. (2008). The Accounting Profession: Serving the public interest or capital interest?.Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal,2(4), 1. Martinov-Bennie, N., Mladenovic, R. (2015). Investigation of the impact of an ethical framework and an integrated ethics education on accounting students ethical sensitivity and judgment.Journal of Business Ethics,127(1), 189-203. McManus, L., Subramaniam, N. (2009). Ethical evaluations and behavioural intentions of early career accountants: the impact of mentors, peers and individual attributes.Accounting Finance,49(3), 619-643. Pflugrath, G., Martinov-Bennie, N., Chen, L. (2007). The impact of codes of ethics and experience on auditor judgments.Managerial Auditing Journal,22(6), 566-589.

American Association of Nurse Practitioners

Question: Discuss on american association of nurse practitioners? Answer: This report has been prepared on American association of nurse practitioners that was formed for analysing the problem faced by the nurses while executing the tasks. The organization was created with an intention of providing the necessary help required for the professionals to execute the task or problem faced by the medical professionals. The rights of the nurses are analysed and corrective measures are implemented for providing benefits to the professionals. Liberty and rights of nurses working at the local, federal, and state levels are analysed by the experts. This enables in providing improved and high quality services to the clients and nurses (Manley et al., 2007). Motive The motive for forming the organization is to improve the quality of services provided to the clients. It is meant to provide customer centric services to the patients, which forms an important factor for the service providers. The tasks includes training nurses for securing the information about the patients and doing the right things that will help in increasing the quality of services expected to be provided to the clients. The quality associated with the medical services has to be standardized as this helps in developing and implementing effective strategies that will help in increasing the quality of work rendered to the patients (Berwick, 2009). Medical treatment process and the strategies by the management have to be communicated with the nurses. This helps in adopting the best process through which the quality of services can be increased for the patients (Wilson, 2010). Importance of improved patient care centres Patient centric services include analysing the current practices followed by the medical and non-medical professionals for treating patients. Person centred nursing framework concentrate on improving the nursing competency level, which enables in providing positive outcomes. The framework expected to be followed by the patients are outlined, as this helps in developing and implementing changes that are necessary for increasing the quality of services expected to be provided to the patients. The tools and the process followed for executing the tasks associated with rendering services has to be systematically organised. This helps in developing strategies for new patient and family centric care models that will help in implying the tasks carried out in large and complex healthcare centres. The nurses are expected to follow certain engaged clinical methods and system which revolves around the new patient model (Jackson and Irwin, 2010). By introducing the change model the management undertake challenges that would help in increasing the quality of tasks that are expected to be performed by the nurses at the healthcare centre. Challenges faced by the nurses and other medical team are analysed. This helps in developing and implementing new policies and methods that would help in analysing the challenges faced by the nurses while executing the tasks. It is necessary to implement changes in terms of task execution and performance improvement. This helps in achieving the desired tasks and increases the quality of work performed by the members or the nurses. Nurses are trained to perform the task in the desired manner, as this will help in adopting and implementing the process for increasing the value of patient centric services expected to be provided to the clients (McCormack et al., 2008). References Berwick, D. M. (2009). What patient-centered should mean: confessions of an extremist.Health Affairs, w555-565. Jackson A, Irwin W (2011) Dignity, humanity and equality: Principles of Nursing Practice A. Nursing Standard. 25, 28, 35-37. Manley K, Sanders K, Cardiff S, Davren M, Garbarino L (2007) Effective workplace culture: a concept analysis. Royal College of Nursing Workplace Resources for Practice Development. RCN, London, 6-10. McCormack B, Manley K, Walsh K (2008) Person-centred systems and processes. In Manley K, McCormack B, Wilson V (Eds) International Practice Development in Nursing and Healthcare. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 17-41. Wilson G (2010) Implementation of Releasing Time to Care: the Productive Ward. Journal of Nursing Management. 17, 5, 647-654.

Dolls House Analysis Essays - Ibsen Family, The Four Greats

Doll's House Analysis To view a work of art separately from it's environment, ignoring the context, will often undermine important aspects of the work. However, embracing the context will allow one to appreciate the full scope and depth of the piece. In order to fully absorb and understand it, one must consider factors in the artist's life and surroundings, i.e. the context. Henrik Ibsen created A Doll's House between 1878 and 1880. Like any significant work of art the context not only influenced the play, but were essential parts of it. Norway, in the early 19th century, was united with Sweden, who maintained seniority in the relationship. Norway's crown was based in Sweden, and most Norwegians felt thier freedom was restricted. The linguistic difference that existed prohibited any cultural merging. A good example being the relationship between Denmark and Norway, the latter being a colony of Denmark's until 1814. During the Danish rule of Norway, there was a cultural synthesis involving literature. This influence was still prominant during Ibsen's time and throughout his work. During the early part of the 19th century a patriotic movement materialized, mainly sparked by a student named Henrik Wergeland. He studied and popularized neglected folklore and other forgotten art and renewed confidence and pride in the otherwise disappearing Norwegian artists. Wergeland and other patriots, including Ibsen had their opposition. The Party of Intelligence felt that Norway could only be redeemed by staying involved in the Euro- stream, while the patriots preached isolationism and felt that Norway could only find new strength from within itself. The Party considered the patriots crude and violent, while the patriots saw in the Party the future of the establishment they were currently trying to derail. Nasjonalromantikken, or national romaticism, became a widely popular idea, in part because of Wergeland's writings. This movement centered around a restored appreciation for Norway's non- material resources, including the painters, musicians and folklorists. Asbjornsen and Moe researched, rewrote, and published collections of Norwegian folktales and restoration was begun on the Trondheim Cathedral, a very important piece of national pride. There was much debate regarding language when new Norwegian dialects were created while the most commonly spoken language, Landsmaal, was not yet accepted as a written language. This caused many problems for the writers, as they spoke one language, but were forced to write in another. Aasmund Vinje, a schoolmaster and writer, created a written lanuage based on Landsmaal and helped advance towards a solution. Ibsen, like most writers, though, continued to work using the Dano - Norsk dialect, (Danish influenced Norwegian) called riksmaal, and spoke out against Landsmaal. A Euro- romantic movement around the middle of the century produced many Norwegian artists including Andreas Munch, Bjornstjerne Bjornson, and Vinje. Wergeland's sister, Fru Collett, published The Sheriff's Daughters in 1855 and it was considered the first Norwegian novel of any stature. Danish writers continued to exert their influence when Hans Christain Anderson and Ingemann became popular and many Norsk writers looked to them for ideas and techniques. During the 1870s, a Realist movement hit Norway and changed the writing of Ibsen, Bjornson, and the ?Father of the Norwegian Novel,' Kielland. During this time, prose drama and fiction dominated this Norsk, artistic rennaisance, while poetry had little or no place in it. Some saw poetry becoming popular around 1890, but this was more of a prose poetry, or prose that invoved the evocation of moods. Henrik Ibsen was born on March 28, 1828 in the small, southern town of Skien. When he was young, Henrik's father went bankrupt, which was considered very disgraceful at the time. This affected young Ibsen greatly and he used it to allegorize in The Wild Duck. Henrik attained an apprenticeship for a pharmacist, but despised the job and moved to Christiana, where he intended to attend school. Instead, he became the house poet and eventually stage manager at the Norske Theatre in Bergen. He then went back to Christiana where he directed at the Mollergate Theatre until 1862. During this time he married Susannah Thoreson and wrote The Vikings in Helgeland, which popularized him as a writer in Norway. In 1864 he applied for a poet's pension from the government but was refused. He became enraged at his homeland and left it, headed for Italy and Germany, though he still made known his love for his homeland. He continued to write and produced a number of plays and traveled to Egypt, among other countries. Ibsen was not pleased with the nationalism of the foreigners he traveled with. He offended many when he commented on this in